Which of the following are clinical manifestations of heart failure
Question : Which of the following are clinical manifestations of heart failure? (Select all that apply)
A. Dyspnea on exertion
B. Lower extremity edema
C. Jugular venous distension
D. Bradycardia
Answer: ABC
Explanation: Heart failure is divided into left heart failure and right heart failure. Left heart failure mainly manifests as pulmonary congestion (dyspnea on exertion, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea); right heart failure manifests as systemic congestion (lower extremity edema, jugular venous distension, hepatomegaly). Bradycardia is not a typical manifestation of heart failure; tachycardia is more common due to compensatory mechanisms. Therefore, the correct answers are ABC.
